arctic ocean Facts about Penguins

Welcome to another episode of Natural World Facts!
This fact file is all about Penguins in the series Birds.

- Brief Overview:
Penguins are torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that can be found in the southern regions of the Earth. There are around 19 different species of penguin, the smallest of which is the little penguin. These birds grow around 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 centimetres) tall. The largest penguin is the emperor penguin. It can grow to 36 to 44 inches (91 to 111 cm) tall and have a wingspan of 30 inches (76 cm).
Emperor penguins live in the coldest climate on earth. Temperatures can drop as low as -95.6 °Celsius (-140°F) on the Antarctic ice. They breed in March and April at the beginning of the Antarctic winter on the ice all around the Antarctic continent. They live in large colonies of up to 20,000 birds. Emperor penguins live for about 20 years, although some have been known to live for 40 years.

- Appearance:
The shape of a penguin body is perfectly adapted to a life in the sea. They are fat in the middle and narrow at both ends. Their streamlined shape helps them move quickly through the water to catch prey. All species of penguin have black and white patterned feathers, a beak to catch food, and webbed feet to push themselves through the water.

- Diet:
Penguins are carnivores, meaning they eat only meat. Their diet consists of krill, squid and fish. Some species of penguin can make a large dent in an area's food supply. The emperor penguin can eat as much as six kilograms (thirteen pounds) of food per day.

- Habitat:
Penguins are marine birds, and spend up to 80 percent of their lives in the ocean. Penguins can be found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere, in both cold and tropical climates. The Galapagos penguin, for example, lives on tropical islands at the equator.

- Breeding:
During the breeding season, penguins will come ashore to form huge colonies called rookeries. Most penguins are monogamous. This means that a male and female will continue to mate with each other for most of their lives. Penguins reach sexual maturity at around three to eight years old. Most species breed during the spring and summer. Female emperor penguins will only lay a single egg at a time, where all other species of penguins lay two eggs. The two parents will take turns holding the eggs between their legs for warmth in a nest. After the chicks emerge, the parents will take turns feeding their offspring with regurgitated food.

- Status:
According to the IUCN red list of threatened species, four penguin species are endangered: northern rockhopper, erect-crested, yellow-eyed, african and Galapagos penguins. Most of the other species of penguins are listed as vulnerable or threatened.
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arctic ocean Facts about Penguins
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